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1492 terms

Glossary

Every term is defined twice: once the way a filing would put it, and once the way somebody would explain it to you across a table. The second one is usually the one that sticks.

Showing 24 terms

Process

Risk & psychology

The repeatable set of rules governing how decisions get made.

In plain terms

The only part of a result that is genuinely yours, and the only part that compounds.

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Process discipline

Risk & psychology

Applying the same sequence of checks to every decision, including the ones you are already excited about.

In plain terms

Ticking boxes quickly to reach a decision you had already made is worse than no checklist, because it manufactures the feeling of diligence. If yours has never stopped you buying something, it is decoration.

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Process review

Risk & psychology

A periodic check of whether your approach is actually working, measured against a broad index over a sample long enough to mean something.

In plain terms

The failure is not underperforming; it is continuing for years without ever measuring. Ten hours a week for 1% of outperformance on a small portfolio is a poor hourly rate.

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Process versus outcome

Risk & psychology

Distinguishing the quality of a decision from the quality of its result.

In plain terms

A good decision can lose and a terrible one can win. Judging yourself by results in a noisy system teaches you the wrong lessons.

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Auction settlement

Trading & orders
Also called: Auction market

The process by which the exchange sources undelivered shares through a separate auction session, in which other members offer the shortfall quantity for delivery to the original buyer.

In plain terms

An afternoon window on the settlement day, and you cannot bid in it — only members can. Whether anyone happens to offer your thin smallcap in that window is what decides between a modest loss and a close-out.

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Commoditisation

Fundamental analysis

The process by which a product becomes undifferentiated, so customers choose purely on price.

In plain terms

The end state of an industry with no barriers. Once buyers can compare on price in seconds, margin is permanently at risk however capable the operator.

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Credit bureau dispute

Regulation & tax

The process for correcting a wrong entry in a credit information report, under which the lender is asked to verify and the regulator has set periods for resolution.

In plain terms

It fixes a wrong entry, not a correct entry you dislike. The bureau reports what the lender supplies, so a real dispute is won against the lender.

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Fee income

Fundamental analysis

A lender’s revenue other than interest — processing charges, distribution commission and fees for services rendered.

In plain terms

A processing fee integral to the loan’s yield is folded into the effective interest rate and spread over the loan’s life; commission and service charges are earned at origination. Fee income growing much faster than the book means more of the return is being taken up front.

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Insolvency

Regulation & tax

A formal process for resolving a company that cannot pay its debts.

In plain terms

Equity ranks last. When lenders take haircuts, there was nothing left below them.

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Normalisation of deviance

Risk & psychology

The process by which a tolerated exception becomes the standard the next exception is measured from.

In plain terms

Nobody decides to take a large risk. They take one slightly larger than last time, it is fine, and that becomes the new baseline.

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Price discovery

Technical analysis

The process by which a market works out what something is worth.

In plain terms

On unscheduled news it takes days, not minutes — the first hour is guessing against algorithms.

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Recovery

Risk & psychology

Rebuilding capital and process after a significant drawdown.

In plain terms

Restart at a quarter size and judge yourself on twenty rule-following trades, not on getting back to the old peak.

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Registrar and transfer agent

Market basics
Also called: RTA

The firm a company appoints to maintain its register of members and to process folio-level requests — dividends, transmission, dematerialisation and corporate action entitlements.

In plain terms

For anything held in physical form this is your counterparty, not your broker. A handful of these firms maintain the registers of most listed Indian companies.

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Reverse book building

Market basics

The price discovery process in a delisting, where public shareholders state the price at which they will sell.

In plain terms

Shareholders bid the price up rather than down. The promoter can accept or walk away.

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Sample variance

Risk & psychology

The spread of outcomes you would see from repeated draws of the same underlying process.

In plain terms

Thirty trades is thirty trades of information, however many times you reshuffle them. A small sample presented a thousand ways is still a small sample.

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Succession

Regulation & tax

The legal process determining who inherits property, governed in India by religion-specific personal law.

In plain terms

The Hindu Succession Act, Muslim personal law and the Indian Succession Act cover different groups. A will is what lets you decide instead of accepting the default.

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Take rate

Fundamental analysis

A platform's net revenue as a share of the gross value of the transactions it processes.

In plain terms

Rising means the platform is being paid more for what it does. Falling usually means volume is being bought with discounts, which appears in the accounts as growth.

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Transmission

Market basics

The process of transferring securities to legal heirs or a nominee after the holder’s death.

In plain terms

Simple with a nomination. Without one, and for a large holding, it can require a court.

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Barriers to entry

Fundamental analysis

The obstacles that prevent a new competitor from entering an industry and competing away its returns.

In plain terms

High returns are what attract entrants, so only a barrier stops the process. A licence, a network, a trusted brand or enormous capital qualifies; everything else is a delay.

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Compulsory delisting

Regulation & tax

Removal of a company from an exchange for persistent non-compliance, with the promoters required to acquire the public shareholders’ shares at a value fixed by an independent valuer.

In plain terms

Not a sale but a recovery process, run on notices rather than on screens. The chart usually stopped months earlier, when the security was suspended.

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Expectations

Risk & psychology

What you believe a plan will deliver, and over what period.

In plain terms

Judge year one on whether you built a process, not on the return.

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Key Fact Statement

Regulation & tax
Also called: KFS

A standardised statement a lender must give a retail borrower before the agreement is signed, setting out the amount, tenure, charges and an all-inclusive annual percentage rate.

In plain terms

The document that exposes a processing fee deducted from the disbursal. A quoted interest rate hides it; an all-inclusive annual rate cannot.

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KYC Registration Agency

Regulation & tax
Also called: KRA

A SEBI-registered agency that holds an investor’s KYC record centrally, keyed on the PAN, and shares it with other intermediaries.

In plain terms

Five of them share records between themselves, which is why a second broker did not put you through the whole process again — and why one deficient record can block a fresh purchase everywhere at once. The status is free to check with nothing but a PAN.

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Technical glitch framework

Regulation & tax

SEBI’s regime requiring brokers to report material disruptions to their trading systems within set timelines and to submit a root cause analysis afterwards.

In plain terms

It defines the event rather than leaving it to argument: a malfunction of five minutes or more in trading hours affecting login, order processing, visibility of funds or risk systems. There will be an official timeline of what happened, and your own timestamps are what let you check your account against it.

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Indian stock market glossary · Market Vidyalaya