Goal-required return
Risk & psychologyThe annual return a particular plan needs in order to arrive, computed from the target amount, the date, what is already saved and what can be added each month.
In plain terms
A consequence rather than a choice, and quite separate from the discount rate a valuation calls a required return. Where it exceeds what your capacity for loss permits, the quantities that can move are the contribution, the target and the date — never the allocation.
Read the full lesson →Discount rate
Fundamental analysisThe annual rate used to convert future cash flows into present value, reflecting time and risk.
In plain terms
Your required return. Change it by two points and the valuation moves by a third.
Read the full lesson →Dividend discount model
Fundamental analysisAlso called: DDM, Gordon growth model
Valuing a share as the present value of all the dividends it will pay.
In plain terms
The Gordon growth version is next year’s dividend ÷ (required return − growth). Very sensitive to the gap between those two rates.
Read the full lesson →WACC
Fundamental analysisAlso called: Weighted average cost of capital
Weighted average cost of capital — the blend of the cost of debt and the cost of equity, weighted by how much of each the company uses.
In plain terms
The formal discount rate for a DCF, which most investors reasonably simplify into a required return by business type. Running the model at three plausible rates says more than deriving one precisely.
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